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Employee mooney aircraft for sale engagement network facebook page better than social media better selection color and detail

2012-05-18T15:57:00Z

VirgilDo4: Created page with "thumb| I love being one of the last to schedule classes... nothingleft Nearly 1/2 of HR managers consider employee training and de..."

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I love being one of the last to schedule classes... nothingleft Nearly 1/2 of HR managers consider employee training and development a primary concern! In order for oysters to boost libido, you'd have to eat 50 in 1 sitting. Ha! Natural aphrodisiacs: valerosky [NEWS] Jackett admits Millwall could have nicked win at CCFC: merveye öncelikle teşekkür etmeliyim ağlamak içinn güzel bi şarkı evet The awkward school photos are hilarious! 6 and 8 are the best - spon lendo umas receita de dar gosto *u* aai q delicia (= Wish I was at the Panthers game... crying Algún evento en especial estos días? Estoy en hay que aprovechar// Evento no pero si vamos a tener recorridos =D Premier League stats, facts and tips: April 14 Finally, a redhead. : One Spanish manager required. Must have gsoh and will preferably live locally. May be required to say fact on 2 or 26 occasions. FACT! RT": Yung Sir has been doin RARE poo. -Colby" NY Daily News >> Scouting report: 2012 Yankees

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Precisely What Is An Unlocked Smartphone, And Really Should You Buy Any?

2012-05-17T19:16:43Z

Thgavin46: In case you are thinking about purchasing a good unlocked cell phones, there are some point you should consider 1st. As with anything else, you will find advantages, as well as potential disadvantages, if you can easily stay clear of them if you a...

If you are considering getting a great unlocked smartphones, there are several things you you must consider 1st. As with other things, you can find benefits, and potential down sides, however, you can steer clear of these if you are wise with your new purchase. Very first, make sure you know very well what the restrictions "locked" as well as "unlocked" actually imply. A locked smartphones is only one which will identify any SIM card (a microchip in which stores prospect data); the particular "lock" is really a software environment that helps keep the particular Sim from becoming identified by just one provider. Like a locked iPhone will simply function a having an AT&T network Sim; an unlocked iPhone alternatively, works with a Sim from other sites, for example T mobile. (On in which similar note, an unlocked Apple iPhone could hardly be used about the Verizon Mobile or Run systems, simply because their particular mobile phones use CDMA technological innovation which is not appropriate for SIM playing cards. Mobile phones that use CDMA technologies are unable to often be unlocked, because it utilizes memory which built right into the device as well as cannot be taken out. ) The Advantages and disadvantages of an Unlocked Mobile Phone Most people choose to buy unlocked smart phones since it extends the variety of cell phones they could pick from. Numerous smart phones makers create specific mobile phones regarding particular networks; unlocking cell phones enables merchandise interchangeability in between systems. Another purpose is the comfort of being able to keep the same smart phone if and when they switch systems. As for the downsides to purchasing unlocked mobile devices, is actually been mentioned in which CDMA technologies does not permit the employment regarding unlocked cell phones. One more downside, and most likely the biggest will be the usually big cost that comes along. Carriers can sell fresh, well-known mobile phones in affordable prices because they also require a two-year contract to take advantage of the discounted. You could get a telephone with regard to next to practically nothing (or in fact nothing, in a few cases), while visiting fact in case you where to purchase it without the contract it would cost a minimum of one or two hundred dollars. An additional downside is that you simply may not be in a position to utilize specific functions or even software program that are installed straight into the particular mobile phones companies supply exclusively. Utilizing an unlocked cell phones through one more network will certainly curb your use of these kinds of characteristics. Let's summarize. If you opt to buy a great unlocked smart phones, the actual subsequent first: Look into the compatibility to see if you will see virtually any significant characteristics or software you may not have the ability to use. Also look into the data coverage. Make sure that the telephone works along with your network's information package (assuming you use one). This really is more likely to end up being an issue together with imported 3-G cell phones, which usually work on an alternative frequency overseas. Check around with regard to offers to ease the pain of the undoubtedly higher price. Purchasing a good unlocked cell phones is a great method to make use of technological innovation you'd probably or else struggle to -- you need to be smart concerning the shopping experience.

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2012-05-17T18:15:46Z

EmilianHoyt5: Created page with "thumb| Ayam Penyet? That's nice eh. Having Ayam Penyet with . :B I posted 17 photos on Facebook in the album "Friends, me and stuff xD I liked ' Alf..."

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Earn Dollars On the internet - For the starters

2012-05-16T18:24:59Z

DanaCollins1991: I thought concerning the one particular most indispensable tool the matter without which you cannot deliver back all those bucks and carve your technique to on-line variety. What's it, perhaps you have guessed, the sole thing actually with out whi...

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2012-05-16T08:06:21Z

Aelden029: Originally settled by the Calussa Indians, the Spanish conquistadors tried to take over this prime real estate in the Southwestern Keys. The beaches became the burial grounds for many of the natives, thus giving the Island the name of Bone Island;...

Originally settled by the Calussa Indians, the Spanish conquistadors tried to take over this prime real estate in the Southwestern Keys. The beaches became the burial grounds for many of the natives, thus giving the Island the name of Bone Island; Cayo Hueso in Spanish. The English Anglicized this name to Key West. John Simonton, and American businessman, purchased the island from Juan Pablo Salas and developed the island with the help of Greene, Whitehead, and Fleming. They encouraged the Navy to open a base to combat piracy in the area. The island prospered because the coral reefs brought many ships to Davy Jones Locker. Many became millionaires from salvaging the numerous shipwrecks. At one point the people of Key West became the richest city per capita in the United States. Henry Morrison Flager, against all odds and better judgement, built a railroad from Homestead to Key West. The first train arrived on January 22, 1912. This connected the mainland with Key West. From Key West, Havana Cuba was only ninety miles away. Considered the Eighth Wonder of the Modern world, the Overseas Railroad spanned 42 stretches of sea with causeways and bridges, the longest being seven miles. From 1912 to 1935 Key West exploded as a tourist and business center. A major Class five hurricane destroyed much of the tracks in 1935. Once again Key West had been cut off from the mainland. The State of Florida purchased the Overseas Railroad right-of way and turned it into the Overseas Highway in 1938, using the roadbed and bridges Henry Flager built. World War II brought new prosperity to the island with the Naval Base. Ernest Hemmingway and Tennessee Williams resided and visited the island. Cuban tobacco became hand rolled cigars. In 1981 the Us Government set up road blocks near Key Largo, cutting off the tourist trade to Key West. Not too sure why this happened. The citizens of Key West decided to secede. They formed the Conch (Pronounced conk) Republic. Many still fly the flag today. They demanded billions in reparation and foreign aide. The US Government ignored their wishes; but they did remove the roadblocks. Today Key West thrives primarily on tourism. Arrive by driving the 128 miles along the Overseas Highway on the old railroad bed, or fly into Key West Airport, or take the Key West Express ferry from Marco Island or Ft. Myers Beach. To acquaint yourself to the island take the 1½ to 2 hour Conch Tour Train. Tickets can be purchased at the booth at the Flager Train station or at The Old Town ticket booth near Mallory Square. The guided tour travels just about every street in Key West: a great orientation to the island. Other forms of transportation on the island are electric cars, bicycles, mopeds, taxicabs, and bicycle carriages for two. Walking the streets, perhaps, is the best way of seeing the island, which is four miles long and one mile wide. Traffic can be a real challenge, especially along US 1, which has its terminus at mile marker 0. Looking for action? Duval Street is your goal. Stop and have a beer at Hemingway's watering hole, [http://www.amerika-reise.org/sloppy-joe-die-besten-rezepte-fuer-den-besonderen-kulinarischen-genuss Sloppy Joe]'s bar and restaurant (the original bar is ½ block away at Capt. Tony's Saloon). If your interests lean toward Jimmy Buffet, go to Margaritaville, only four short blocks down the street. Up and down Duval restaurants, bars, souvenir shops, and people watching beckon everyone to the narrow sidewalks. You might even come across one of Key West famous chickens strolling the street. Other highlights include Hemingway's home, with guided tours running $12.00 at this time. Views from the exterior are free. Across Whitehead Street stands the old lighthouse and keepers quarters. The lighthouse was moved inland to protect it from hurricanes. A couple more blocks down the street is the Truman White House. President Truman used this resident and the many outbuildings during his time in office. Other dignitaries also followed his lead: John F. Kennedy, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and Colin Powell. Talking about President Truman, not to be missed is the Margaret Truman Laundromat. Rumor has it that it was named for Margaret Truman, the president's daughter. Its location is at the corner of Margaret and Truman Streets. Thus its named. Along Truman Street sits the convent of Our Lady of the Sea. Many survivors of the hurricane of 1935 were treated there. The nuns erected a grotto next to the church in honor of Our Lady of Lourdes. When hurricane season approaches many candles light the grotto as a prayer to keep Key West free and safe. A marker designates the Southernmost spot in the Continental USA. Tourists love to have their picture taken by it. We ate lunch at Pepe's Restaurant on Caroline Street, near Flager Station. This eatery, established in 1909, features American food in abundance. I had a hard time finishing my open faced meatloaf sandwich. A trip to Key West is taking in the numerous water sports: parasailing, jet skis, snorkeling, riding glass bottom boats, deep sea fishing, or just relaxing on the beaches on the Atlantic Ocean side. A day trip to The Dry Tortugas National Park (Fort Jefferson) leaves daily from Key West. Above all people-watching, the climate, and the laid back atmosphere draws people, young and old, to the Conch Republic. It beckons you too. [http://www.amerika-reise.org Sloppy Joe]

Girls never forget that trying to act like a man is a waste of a good Boots woman

2012-05-15T19:03:08Z

MillieWoody3: Created page with "thumb| onlyEnglishFrankCan make jeremy kyle walk of stage Just got some new music to body from ! Buckle up. Lol I'm going in. Paciolan and Givex..."

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onlyEnglishFrankCan make jeremy kyle walk of stage Just got some new music to body from ! Buckle up. Lol I'm going in. Paciolan and Givex Sign Multi-Year Agreement to Offer Uptix(R) Stored Value : The Philadelphia Flyers, Philadel... coś się dzieję z gadu :c via 15 Reasons Why North Carolinians Should Vote Against AmendmentOne Everyone always says that nice guys finish last and it's true but nice girls finish last too Assuming there's fundamental talent in the equation,what is the biggest roadblock to success: Lack of discipline? Hubris? Previous success? Yoo was frontin in the A tonight, Westbrook one hand alley oop & my son Lebron wyndmill on the bobcats Is MacIntyre back yet?! Almost! But tonight... letsgobabypens !

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Lovely night with Iphone At party Fab house Xx

2012-05-15T14:22:29Z

RupertFrye5: Created page with "thumb| nosotras no somos oficiales pero somos de Mexico tambien((: La Generalitat no aixecarà la moratòria pq Tossa pugui fer el port espo..."

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nosotras no somos oficiales pero somos de Mexico tambien((: La Generalitat no aixecarà la moratòria pq Tossa pugui fer el port esportiu q planteja i té dubtes q sigui rendible amb només 400 amarratges .___. BajoReserva Homenaje en Palacio Nacional a De la Madrid Fallece Antoni Tápies a los 88, una pérdida para pintura, las artes, la cultura. saudade dela ): I'm actually so angry we were all over you Maybe I will watch all-star Saturday night!! Idk. Mayhem and Rampage want to Remind You, it's Still Misogynistic Martial Arts Un recogepelotas del Chievo rechaza la camiseta que Muntari le quiso regalar El presidente de la Junta de Andalucía, José Antonio Griñán, visita '59 segundos Rien non plus !

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Seven Techniques To Avoid Foreclosure

2012-05-15T12:54:53Z

Thgavin46: Within the first quarter of 2009 the united states experienced a record number of real estate foreclosures, with well over 800,000 total home foreclosures. This was due to many reasons: 1) Excessive numbers of unemployment 2) Low interest variable...

Within the earliest three months of 2009 the united states had a record number of home foreclosures, with over 800,000 total foreclosures. This was as a result of several reasons: 1) Higher numbers of unemployment 2) Low interest adjustable interest rate mortgages 3) Down turn in the Housing market 4) Finance institutions making it more difficult to get a loan. With more and more homeowners going through the possibilities of home foreclosure it is important that home owners understand what the law states regarding foreclosures and the way they may be able to prevent it. Mortgage laws are different from region to region. The laws and regulations present in Georgia state the following: In Georgia, loan providers may foreclose on deeds of trusts or mortgage loans in default using either a judicial or non-judicial property foreclosure process. Judicial Foreclosure The judicial action of home foreclosure, which involves recording a legal action to acquire a court order in order to foreclose, is utilized when no power of sale is present in the home finance loan or deed of trust. Usually, as soon as the judge declares a home foreclosure, the home and property will likely be auctioned off to the highest possible bidder. Non-Judicial Foreclosure The non-judicial means of foreclosure is commonly used when a power of sale clause is present in the mortgage or deed of trust. A "power of sale" clause is a clause in the deed of trust or mortgage loan, in which the borrower pre-authorizes the sale of real estate property to settle the account balance on the mortgage in the event of (blank) their default. In deeds of trust or mortgage loans where a power of sale is present, the capacity provided to the bank to sell the property may be completed by your loan company or their representative, generally generally known as the trustee. Power of Sale Foreclosure Guidelines If the deed of trust or home loan posesses a power of sale terms and stipulates the time period, location and terms and conditions of sale, then the stipulated steps must be implemented. Otherwise, your non-judicial power of sale property foreclosure is carried out as follows: A foreclosure notice needs to be sent by certified letter, return receipt required to the property owner no later than fifteen days prior to the time and date of the foreclosure sale. The time period starts the day the letter is postmarked. The notice must be sent by mail to the street address given to the financial institution by written notice coming from the borrower. Absolutely no waiver or discharge of the rights to notice is valid whether or not this was finalized simultaneously as the original new records. The notice needs to be posted in the news paper of everyday circulation in the region where the final sale is going to be held once per week for a month proceeding the day of the property foreclosure sale. The final sale must be made by public auction on the first Tuesday of the calendar month between 10:00 am and 4:00 p.m. at the court. Lenders may seek out a deficiency judgment in Georgia. How you can perhaps avoid foreclosure. A home loan modification can certainly typically be your answer to the problem. Like everthing else you will find benefits and drawbacks for a mortgage modification. We have compiled a list of the pros and cons that you should think about. ADVANTAGES: A winning Home Loan Modification will provide you along with the following: 1. an interest rate reduction. Under President Obama's existing plan this rate of interest might be just 2 off of your present mortgage loan payment in as little as Sixty days without the need of refinancing?

Breast Actives honest Review

2012-05-15T09:42:03Z

Gmohammad15: This starts off as a four months journey which began about half a year back. I was very unhappy with my breasts size and my personal self confidence lacked due to that. They were tiny, sagging, and had absolutely no shape to them. I was taking int...

This begins as a four months journey that began about half a year back. I used to be very disappointed with my breasts size and my self confidence was lacking because of it. They were tiny, sagging, and had no shape to them. I was considering plastic surgery until a buddy of mine got me into a natural product called breast actives. That's when I started doing some investigating so i can read more for myself. She was using the Breast Actives supplement for a few weeks and assured me it has already worked wonders for her and i also should give it a shot. After studying countless online review articles I was almost sold. I was even far more sold after i saw this product was featured on the Oprah Winfrey Show and CNN! It had so many women displaying positive results with their own before and after photos. Each lady claimed how the product was able to either enhance tone, size, or both! I discovered the product was natural so this is when I made the decision to go forward and get it for myself. The components listed were Vitamin E Antioxidant, Fenugreek, Fennel, Dong Quai, Blessed Thistle, Dandelion, Kelp, Watercress, and L-Tyrosine. I found out that many of those components were proven to increase the breast. [http://www.breastactivesdigest.com CLICK HERE FOR AN HONEST REVIEW ABOUT BREAST ACTIVES] It does that by reactivating the thyroid gland based in the mammary glands exactly the same way as in the age of puberty. In addition , it contains workouts which are created specifically for breasts. They help provide the breast a more contoured shape and look! I'm happy to say that now four months after being on the Breast Actives product I have been able to increase 1 cup size and my breasts just look far better! They are firmer and rounder than before and I can't thank my good friend enough for letting me know about it. I'll attempt to keep posting updates and all the best to those out there!

Treating Meibomian Gland Dysfunction with warm compress

2012-05-15T08:53:33Z

Mcalvin11: Do you want to know more about how to address problems with MGD? Then this article will give you more insight into MGD and how to treat it.

Dry eye symptoms result from the inability of the various tear glands to produce adequate volume of tears or tears of the proper quality. The condition results in incessant irritation of the eyes, especially on waking up after a night's sleep. You feel sensations of grittiness, burning, itching, foreign body lodged in the eye, and other similar discomforts. If left untreated, dry eye can contribute to damage of the cornea and, at worst, loss of vision. For details on [http://howtocuredryeye.wordpress.com/ how to cure dry eye] continue reading this article. Dry eye is very closely associated with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).. MGD accounts for up to 75 per cent of dry eye patients. The dysfunction leads to insufficient supply of its lipid contributions to the tear film, making tears unstable and prone to quick evaporation. MGD is caused by various factors. It is most often felt as persistent tenderness in the eyelid, as a result of bacterial infections and/or plugs of hardened or too thick secretions (also called meibum) closing up the openings of the glands. The glands play an important role in [http://dryeyetreatment.hubpages.com/hub/Most-Common-Error-in-Dry-Eye-Treatment dry eye treatment]. The condition is greatly relieved by the application of a simple heat compress. Many studies have confirmed that heat compresses help augment the thickness of the lipid layer in tear film by at least 1.8 times within 5 minutes after first applying the compress. Regular treatment can make the improvement of the lipid layer more sustainable. Heat compress generally is made of a washcloth, heated in the microwave (for about half a minute) or soaked in hot tap water heated to about 45oC. Another option is a cotton stocking filled with dry ice and heated in a microwave to a tolerable temperature. Before applying the warm compress to the eyelid, remember always to test the heat to prevent damage to the lid and eye. The heat compress is commonly held in place for up to 10 minutes. Although washcloths are popularly used, the fact is that they may not hold the heat for as long as you may want. People with long experience in MGD and heat compresses have found rice baggies more helpful. A rice baggy is simply some dry uncooked rice put in a cotton bag big enough to completely cover the eyelid. Raise the temperature of the rice baggy by heating in a microwave until a suitable level is reached. You can try out various quantities of rice and microwave times until you perfect the process. Place the heated sachet over the closed eyelid for up to 20 minutes. Rice baggies are able to hold heat much longer than washcloths and shift the warmth more uniformly because of their weight. Some people use a potato also heated in a microwave but the weight (and therefore the heat) distribution is not as uniform as rice baggies. A freshly boiled egg draped in washcloth may also be used. Boiled eggs emit warmth for a long time but, like potatoes, the shape does not permit even transfer of heat across the eyelid. More recently, external devices designed to work like a warm compress have been used to good effect, including an infrared device and an intense light pulse instrument. The heat transferred from the warm compress to the eyelid softens the coagulated meibum, making it easy to express them by finger pressure. To get the most relief from heat compress for MGD, it should be followed by eye lid massage to express the gland secretions so they can perform their function in the tear film's lipid layer. Eyelid massage after heat compress also helps rejuvenate the functions of meibomian glands once the obstructions have been removed. For additional information on[http://howtocuredryeye.wordpress.com/ how to cure dry eye] click on this link provided.

Yo ati tambien mi niño Healer tedm

2012-05-15T04:19:48Z

DarusiaGalvan: Created page with "thumb| Thanks for the FOLLOW Have A GD Day TeamFollowBack Noticias , Podcast en tu movil con la App para Android de descargala: Those who stay..."

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Thanks for the FOLLOW Have A GD Day TeamFollowBack Noticias , Podcast en tu movil con la App para Android de descargala: Those who stay by your side at the worst times, deserve to be with you at the best times. Shakedown QUEM ME INDICA ? 2AnosLançamentoCdRestart 1 quer jaquetinha ainda, baa ta fissurado UIDHASIUDHASUIDH Thank god for keeps Me occupied ! Lmao To indo pra casa das gêmeas com as meninas (: como não? Tem nome, troféu e vale uma vaga na final do Estadual... É titulo, pode ser menor, mas é. AMANHA É SEXTA ::::::::::::::::::::: PRA NOSSA ALEGRIA. Apply Now! ASSISTANT PRODUCTION CO-ORDINATORS TRAINING March 2012 Funded Thanks.I'm so glad.Looking forward to reading your new book soon. Reading Nose Down, Eyes Up by.Loving it! We play to win and we'll try harder next game. RCB Foto oficial del BocuseDOr 2012

Startup-Focused JOBS Act Heads for a Final Vote - *----* Chillin with at Although your love life may not be passionate right ...CONTINUE READING OUR Libra LOVE SCOPE HERE Feo?, feo es que el amor de tu vida haga un concierto y solo cante 4 canciones y se vaya sin decir nada. I swear looks like all the women she spoofs!! This Lady Gaga one is dead on. StevieTV 10randomthingsaboutme 3) I love when a girl has confidence even if she is not good looking I found that trait attractive jajajajajaja lo peor...!! Is "J. Edgar" a sloppy film? Yes. Is it an entertaining film? Yes. Is Leonardo DiCaprio good? ABSOLUTELY [http://el3resh.com Healer] Legendary Wolves midfielder Steve Daley is in the studio. message in your questions for him. , , "I'm a quiet " .. The best part is [http://el3resh.com Healer] Daniel Night o/ RT for a shoutout (must be following) amyyyyyyy!! Y U HAVE NO GD MEMOWY

Marine Le Pen annonce 452 parrainages à ce jour. Son sort n'a rien à voir avec la démocratie. because YOLO I wish I could freeze this moment, right here, right now, and live it forever. Terengganu team paling power? engko mimpi ke Jarr? engko Mimpi ke? kakakaka!! occupy Occupy Colisée : les centurions indignés Everybody Can't Model I never cheated for the record back when I was wit u ; but u believed in everything but me, girl I don't get u Me too =) i eat boys up, you better run. yea bro! We'll release an ab workout dvd shortly haha aww :') que ternura Gw mo siapin bunga mawar 1 ton, biar di makan.... *mah kek Susana ya tu iklan* >>LEBAY AMAT<< AIHJAKARTA

EdomexesEPN porque haber gobernado satisfactoriamente el estado con la mayor cantidad de población del país no es cosa fácil ((HUGS)) Sorry darl RT": Ya en en breve en concierto en los platos animando (cont" Me : How youuu sleep Him : Good Dreams After Dreams . Haha uhh messs ! Hehehehehe... Eu apostaria entre 60 e 65 mil pessoas. E isso depende do valor dos ingressos Lol Ight Join us tonight for the last evening w/ Bishop Sheen before we take a break from it. Come join us St Will 7PM RE 15 The smell of your skin lingers on me Marseille / Bayern v APOEL / Real Madrid championsleaguedraw abuse pas aussi De rossi c'est du poulet? DFBPokal SF || Mönchengladbach 0-0 BayernMünchen || A PRÓRROGA! || J. Arango titular y en cancha VENEZUELA Join us tonight for Eucharistic Adoration and Divine Mercy Chaplet at St Elizabeth in Pflugerville 7-8PM Social 8:20

Estamos muy contentos de firmar este convenio cultural con Junín. Buenos Aires es la ciudad de todos los argentinos Estas vacaciones he estado buceando y me he sacado el PADI...me ha encantado...bajo el marrrr Where have you been? lol I never see you anymore :c parabéns pelo fc amorr :) Colors for my 16: purple white and black? I think yess(: excited Q milagro eh!!! Jajaja PRIunido jamás será vencido!!! Jajaja Verba do Min da Saúde garantida por emenda dep federal no valor d R$ 11.922.808,00 e contra partida do GEA d R$1.331.543,22 hahahahahahahahahahahahaah love me i laughed so hard

Gel Candle Safety: What You Ought To Know Ahead Of You Buy

2012-05-14T23:48:58Z

Amcferran85: A lot of consideration has long been targeted on gel candle security in current a long time. Irresponsible (generally foreign) candlemakers have flooded the shelves of greenback shops and discount retailers with very poor quality and at situations...

Lots of attention may be focused on gel candle safety in recent a long time. Irresponsible (typically foreign) candlemakers have flooded the shelves of greenback merchants and discount retailers with poor good quality and at situations unsafe container gel candles. As a outcome, gel candles have gotten a "bum rap" as staying hazardous functions from the devil, instead of being viewed as an different decorating option for candle lovers. Following the recommendations here will help you in deciding upon risk-free gel candles to your house or reward offering wants. [http://getscentstogo.com layers by scentsy] Most gel candles are container based mostly, which means decorative materials (referred to as embeds) along with a wick are placed inside of a container (usually glass) and the container is then filled with molten gel. The gel is largely mineral oil, blended having a stabilizing polymer, which will help the candle retain fragrance load. The thicker (more dense) a gel is, better fragrance load it may carry. Bear in mind, too that the thicker the gel, the larger the melt stage, which implies a normally hotter and lengthier burning candle. And there's the rub! Careless manufacturers suppose that gel candles can be created inside same manner as regular paraffin candles. Not so! Simply because the candle "wax" is hotter, you will discover far more security precautions that need to have for being taken into account. Initial, gel candles should not contain flammable supplies as embeds. The wick can float in a very gel candle and collection any of all those embeds on hearth. The additional warmth can cause a container to crack as well as worse, explode, mailing flaming gel across the home. Embeds really should be made from glass or other non-flammable materials and needs to be secured absent through the path with the wick. The wick ought to be secured that has a wick clip (also named a sustainer base). The wick clip need to have at least a 3mm neck. This will help management the burn up path of the wick by keeping the wick upright as it burns. Quite a few gel candles have no sustainer base of any type, which success in wick "float" because it burns. [http://getscentstogo.com more] Second, it really is crucial to inspect all of your container candles earlier than lighting - this contains paraffin candles. Typically a chip or crack goes unnoticed until the glass breaks underneath warmth strain - a very harmful predicament. A lot of situations a gel candle is in any other case not a threat to living and limb, until the integrity in the glass is compromised. Make certain that glassware used to residence your candle is made to withstand the warmth in the candle inside of it. Inquire your candle maker. Candle glassware comes in quite a few shapes and sizes and never all are suited to gel. Finally, it really is vital to supervise a burning candle. The Navy Security Center [http://www.safetycenter.navy.mil/marketing/ashore/problems/fall03/agony.htm] tells a story of how lighting a gel candle led to your horrible explosion and serious burns on the hand of one Michelle Shebloski Weyer. Although the glassware may perhaps or may not were unsuitable for gel candle use, the author glosses the actual fact that the candle was still left unattended and when she heard it fall towards the ground, she observed it had been damaged and picked it up anyway - though it had been however burning. The conclude end result was nights within a burn up unit and plastic surgical procedure to repair her severely broken hand. Careless customers can cause just as considerably injury as careless makers. Never leave a burning candle unattended - and in no way effect a burning candle! One more kind of container candle is called a "double glassed" gel candle. Within this instance, a scaled-down container with all the real gel candle is positioned within an outer container where the design and style making use of gel and embeds has become built. This can be a safer style and design principle that allows you to burn up the candle with no shedding the unique glance from the scene made inside of the candle. It segregates the burning wick from the possibly flammable embeds The candle also turns into refillable - which can be an awesome solution to try unique scents. [http://getscentstogo.com scentsy warmers] In the survive 5 years a fresh kind of clear candle has emerged - freestanding gel-type candles. Once again employing a foundation of mineral oil, candle utilizes a patented resin as the stabilizer, creating a candle that outshines both standard paraffin and gel candles. It requires no container like gel candles, burns extended than paraffin and holds extra fragrance than both. The flame burns decrease as a result of the within in the candle as mild radiates by means of the candle's facet wall. With no the potential of an exploding glass container, you will find fewer safety concerns with this form of candle. Resin-based candles is often made in classic paraffin pillar shapes, lending them far more decorative appeal than gel candles and more durability than paraffin. Whatever your candle decision, know what your burning. Go through and comply with the directions that come with every single candle. Understand how candles build heat and gentle. Take the time to discover about candles and be an informed shopper. That will literally make the distinction between daily life and dying.[http://getscentstogo.com getscentstogo.com]

10ThingsIFindAttractive Waves 9 Guys who have swag AKA love

2012-05-14T19:37:30Z

EolaZuniga7: Created page with "thumb| lovely is fan of the Double lashes 207....just gave her a pair to take home x J'revendique le droit de gester et d'me contredire Can you ..."

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lovely is fan of the Double lashes 207....just gave her a pair to take home x J'revendique le droit de gester et d'me contredire Can you get him to go on the record with this? haha si es un xip per controlar els temps No wonder your tired nosleep but I like the ones about the crazy psycho Destarte, sempre é a classe média que rege as más fadadas colocações políticas do Brasil. Escolho Paris-Sarkozy Galera obrigado pelo apoio... To indo pra BH .... vamu q vamu!!! Noho's poppin'. Quién anda en pueblo quieto?? Saquen plan! nice profile picture. Brings back memories. Whenever mark starts singing love love I begin to fangirl I love him so much its unreal When food advertisement comes on television, you suddenly feel like you haven't eaten in weeks. Women 'make a with bra sizes Oi, pode assinar aqui por favor? Obrigada *-* En un restaurante, el dueño le dice a un policia: hay 2 personas dormidas/ No! Son 2 Chinos/ Es muy bueeeno jajajajja

and also cool = epic :))) just sent u a request on facebook coco who said phil might be in trouble that you heard?? gracias por seguir a desde aqui te sigo I posted 3 photos on Facebook in the album "Z-Man Look for a playoff viewing party at Anthony's - Clifton We always show love to our friends the ! Branislav Ivanovic, who missed the weekend game, is training with the rest of the squad inside Benfica's stadium. CFC (SL) lovekingg lovve youuuu! :* I'm very curious! So hey good times eh? :D Why Fight over a gurl/dude when theres plenty more out there.. Aun no se como voy a meterme tantos temas de literatura en la cabeza este año... FF <33 Nyan Cat est né un 5 avril, Nyan Kurt is coming. Están muy buenos los discos de ya descargé todos, en especial me gusto el de "valiente". TuMuyBien RockIsDead

can I get this follow back off to get one directions book:-) yay Mitt Romney needs to tap his inner Katniss Scooter never gets noticed, but he did so many things for Justin & Beliebers. We all should thank him with ThankYouScooterBraun :) SHOW LOVE now ! <3 gotta love the mint yogurt! Chuck in some onion and you'll be winning!! ooosh siempre vamos a ser potrillos, Diego. ¡Gran abrazo! okay haha I'm walking home and am going pass all these places [http://dp-gang.com Waves] so my as well check in Van selamat tanggal 3MARET ya.. it's the one programme I religiously record & watch - so good at the moment! Pauline's . Can you still catch a case if it's 2 females involved in sexually activities? Putting on the equipment for the 1st time in literally about a year! justlikeridingabike

Hair like Rihanna, shoe game is awesomee Vencido y arrancado.- Going to pick up mummy from the airport - ill finally have someone fangirl with at home! YAY!!!! :D hope your back in action soon! Your passion was immense tonight even though you nearly broke the billboard! Legend! vou ter meu sono de beleza, então. Hahahah, boa noite gente. =* Fellas, how many women have you met that could tell a story well? I've listened to hundreds or thousands of terrible stories and met ONE. Eu gostei de um vídeo do YouTube -- Oomph! - Labyrinth & Sandmann [Live Silvester '08]... Hoeven made a parliamentary inquiry that when the Senate resumes consideration of S. 2204 , that it be in order for hi e depois ela vai vim dormir aqui ;6 lmao haahhhaahhh x It's amazing how someone can make you feel like you're their world but the next day they make you feel like you're nothing. cope_es: España convoca al embajador de Argentina por la ofensiva contra Repsol

Well, this is fun. :-) caps : Piden retirar video de NiñosIncómodospor caracterizar a menores como delincuentes quien lo pago?GNP? Mañana a unicaja con miequipo GO FOLLOW vallamos para que linda el jueves de salir de clase vamos a visitarla. ? EXCLUSIVE TEAMFOLLOWBACK § FOLLOW THE FOLLOWBUTTON MustFollow Am coming tonyt.. smile Ibadan is jus a kill joy Pro Tioooooooo :D mierda happy birthday sun.. The Board of the Mariners Trust are been very pleased at the meeting between Trust Chair and GTFC Board today. Very positive talks were had. Datos 2010 sobre carencia de calidad y espacios en vivienda de los municipios del estado de Morelos sarà pure che mi sto sacrificando...ma vuoi mettere la soddisfazione di oggi quando "mi fai vedere quei jeans, una 42" *-* DOPO ANNI........

Oye Albiol cúal es tu canción favorita? + Pues... Party rock anthem! Y la tuya? - Pasame la boteeeeellaaaaaaaaa...!!! + Hijo de Dinner was good ma mama put her pinky toe in it lol bout to rollupanotherone Aaliyah Was SOOOO Fine Pretty much consumed my Sunday! : Are hackers and gamers going mainstream? No, really! Gamers are underground as heck! RT if you love Kidrauhl. Kidrauhl Is Our Baby you're talking to the fan base of the best singer around. By fact a [http://dp-gang.com Waves] better singer than jb Nice productive day today :) aw shoppings been delivered the drivers so politee :') FACT: is a journalist with a wider audience than TYT & He's broken the left-right paradigm (which u haven't)

Strengthening from Within

2012-04-25T15:26:38Z

Intern1: /* A Smooth Operation */

'''by Christy Darden and Thomas J. Scott'''

''Seamlessly integrating new and old materials helped strengthen a historic bridge in Washington, DC.''

==Introduction==
[[File:Wisconsin Avenue Bridge.jpg|thumb|447px|center|'''The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal flows under the stone masonry arch of the Wisconsin Avenue Bridge in the busy Georgetown area of Washington, DC. The towpath beside the canal serves as a footpath and recreation resource. The original wrought-iron railing dates back to 1831.''']]
The twin demands of accommodating heavy traffic and ensuring the preservation of the oldest bridge in the Nation's capital proved to be manageable challenges on a recent restoration project in the historic Georgetown area of Washington, DC. When structural analyses showed that the Wisconsin Avenue Bridge over the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park could not adequately support current vehicle loads, transportation officials from the District Department of Transportation (DDOT) and the Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division (EFLHD) of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), began exploring alternatives to strengthen the structure.

Adding to the complexity of the project, the National Park Service (NPS) owns the bridge and DDOT is responsible for the maintenance and control of the road through an interagency agreement, so collaboration and cooperation became essential early on--and remained so throughout the project--to ensure that both transportation and historic preservation goals were met.
[[File:Horse drawn boat.jpg|thumb|447px|center|'''Mules on the towpath pull tour boats operated by the National Park Service up and down the canal.''']]
"The strengthening project was necessary because DDOT needed to have a reliable and increased load rating for the structure," says Darcel Collins, the FHWA project engineer, "and much of the masonry and iron railing was in very poor condition and needed restoration."

An innovative reinforcing system embedded entirely within the structure offered a solution that helped the team strengthen the stone arch bridge without visibly altering the appearance of the historic structure. Careful planning kept the heavy city traffic flowing on this key thoroughfare throughout construction. An equally significant accomplishment: multiple agencies with widely diverse missions cooperated to make the project a success. Finally, public coordination and communication were critical to the project and helped immensely, even though construction caused some disruptions to the community.

==A Historic Bridge Needs Help==
Built in 1831, the High Street Bridge—now called the Wisconsin Avenue Bridge—-lies in the heart of Georgetown, a National Historic Landmark District, just minutes from the White House. When the district was established in 1967, the bridge was identified as a contributing element. Resting in the midst of the restored historic district, office buildings, and modern condominiums, the bridge supports a busy city street used by residents, office workers, tourists, and trucks delivering seafood, vegetables, and meats to stock fashionable Georgetown restaurants.

The single-span arch bridge extends across approximately 16.5 meters (54 feet) over the canal and adjacent towpath. It is constructed of local gneiss (a foliated metamorphic rock, compositionally related to granite), most likely a byproduct of material extracted when the canal was dug, and Aquia sandstone, a building material quarried along the Potomac River during the colonial period. Aquia sandstone was used in numerous historic structures in the DC area such as the U.S. Capitol Building and White House. The original wrought iron picket railing is anchored in large capstones that adorn the top of the spandrel walls and stone wing walls. Large stone end posts topped with ornamental cast-iron spheres stand at each corner of the bridge and at the ends of the railings above the wing walls.

The canal and adjacent towpath historically served as the transportation corridor that carried coal-laden boats, with the aid of mules, into Washington, DC. Today, the towpath under the bridge is a popular resource for pedestrians traversing through the busy office and commercial district and lures recreational hiking, jogging, and bicycling enthusiasts as well. In addition, NPS uses the path to educate new generations through tour boat rides that offer a glimpse into the past, when it was a common sight to see mules towing boats along the canal. Therefore, keeping the path safely open for foot and diverse recreational traffic was an important consideration during the project planning.

[[File:Archtec cutaway model.jpg|thumb|center|447px|'''This cutaway model of the Archtec process illustrates how a stainless steel reinforcing rod fits into a slightly permeable fabric sock that is then filled with cementitious grout under pressure.''']]

The bridge was originally designed to carry horse-and-cart trade across the canal. Today the structure carries the heavy loads of a modern urban bridge—9,400 vehicles per day on average. Although the bridge was not "overtly" structurally deficient, its load rating could not be determined accurately. Therefore, in the mid-1990s, the help of a consulting engineering firm was sought to assess the situation.

After an inspection and load rating analysis, the engineering firm determined that the bridge could not support current vehicle loads at the minimum live load of HS20 recommended by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), which is 32.7 metric tons (36 tons). DDOT asked the engineering firm to investigate alternatives for strengthening the bridge. In 1999, the department sought assistance from FHWA to complete the project, along with several others in the area, and EFLHD entered into a memorandum of agreement with DDOT.

==High Expectations==
At the beginning, one of the first challenges was to agree on the scope and purpose of the project. Each stakeholder had a different mission, and dozens of meetings were required to work out the compromises and concessions that eventually satisfied the participants.

As owner, NPS initially was reluctant to allow work to be done on the historic structure, and the agency wanted reasonable assurance that the strengthening project was not overdesigning a solution that might compromise the historic integrity of the oldest bridge in Washington, DC. "Our mission is to preserve historic structures as nearly as possible to the original state," says Mike Seibert, exhibits specialist (restoration) and preservation project manager with NPS.

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 defines the National Park Service's stewardship of cultural resources within the national parks. The essence of the mandate is to retain the most historic fabric possible and not implement treatments that could damage or adversely affect historic materials. "This includes not using modern materials with old materials without adequate research as to the effect on the cultural resource," Seibert adds. "As preservation professionals, we would seek other alternatives, such as rerouting traffic, before altering the bridge." The capability to carry heavy truckloads on this bridge would turn out to be a big challenge for designers to accommodate.

As the design team—including DDOT, EFLHD, NPS, and their contractors—began to prepare for the project, it also solicited feedback on traffic control choices from the community. Through meetings with Georgetown's various community groups, hotels, restaurants, and other businesses in the corridor, the team learned that the major concerns centered on minimizing the impacts on traffic in the small, already congested area.
==A Solution Presents Itself==
In April 2001, EFLHD, DDOT, and NPS began exploring possible methods for strengthening and preserving the bridge. Because masonry arch bridges were commonly removed and replaced with modern concrete or steel structures, relatively few stone masonry arch bridges remain in the United States, and very few comparable bridge strengthening projects exist. One method for strengthening would be to build a new, load-bearing bridge over the top of the original bridge, a method called saddling. Neither demolition nor saddling was appropriate given the physical and spatial constraints of the site and the desire to preserve and protect the existing historic structure.

While researching alternative solutions, the team learned about a stone masonry strengthening process that preserves the original structure. The company that developed the process, based in Great Britain, had been involved in a project to restore a multispan bridge in Aldie, VA.

The process, called Archtec™, involves installing a reinforcing system entirely within the fabric of the structure, leaving no visible change to the outward appearance. According to the British company that owns the process, the concept was originally developed in Germany and has evolved to meet the diverse requirements of the civil engineering industry in the fields of strengthening and preservation. In fact, some 70 bridges have been upgraded using this strengthening system in the United States, Australia, and Europe. In addition, the technology has been used in Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace, the Blair House (part of the White House complex in Washington, DC), and other buildings.
[[File:Masonry grout straining.jpg|thumb|center|447px|'''The masonry grout is strained to remove lumps before it is fed into the fabric sleeve.''']]
The system combines simulation software and a reinforcing process. Full-scale arch mockups of a bridge are created and load-tested to failure in the software. To develop a specific treatment, a designer then creates a three-dimensional model of a bridge using a computer-aided design (CAD) program. Live loads are then simulated as the bridge model is progressively strengthened. When the simulated reinforcement is in line with the live loading required for the project, the software generates the final design specification.

A representative from the manufacturer describes the reinforcing process as follows. First, holes are drilled into the arch barrel through the road surface using diamond core drills. The drill rod is left in the hole and a stainless steel reinforcement bar, surrounded by a woven polyester sleeve, is then inserted inside the rod. The drill rod is then removed and grout is pumped under low pressure into the sleeve. The sleeve inflates from the bottom up to prevent trapping air bubbles and expands into the profile of the hole, forming a chemical and mechanical bond between the reinforcing bar and the substrate. The sleeve is permeable enough to allow some of the grout milk to seep through to form the mechanical bond, but not so permeable that the grout escapes into cavities in the infill, which potentially could damage the arch. When the process is complete, the only visible evidence of the drilling is a small amount of grout on the surface, which later will be covered during repaving. In other words, the system works by grouting a deformed stainless steel reinforcing rod into holes drilled into the arch. This adds internal reinforcement to the arch bridge so that it acts as a reinforced cohesive unit.

One of the factors that influenced the selection of the strengthening method was that U.S. design specifications did not provide extensive guidance on load rating masonry arch bridges. However, the United Kingdom Highways Agency has developed comprehensive standards for assessing live load capacity on masonry bridges. The standards are incorporated into the agency's Design Manual for Roads and Bridges: Volume 3, Section 4, Part 3, BD 21/01, "The Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures."

The company that owns the strengthening process helped develop the U.K. standards that are now widely accepted throughout the world as the most comprehensive code for assessing masonry arches. With its proprietary software, the company completed a finite element analysis of the structure to approximate the bridge's live load capacity rating and create models to determine the point of failure. Another benefit of using this system is that the entire drilling, coring, and installation operation can take place on the existing roadway surface, without requiring excavation. Utilities do not need to be relocated or otherwise affected during construction.

In addition, the strengthening system takes substantially less time than traditional methods like saddling, and its effect on traffic is minimal. According to the manufacturer, the installed reinforcing rods have been independently age-tested in the United States and Europe, with a predicted long-term durability of at least 120 years.

==Design and Construction==
A detailed survey of the bridge focused on the road and arch barrel surfaces, and control points were established for setting up the drilling rig during operations. Engineers visually inspected the arch intrados (interior curve of the arch), spandrel and wing walls, and the railings to assess the general condition of the bridge, and took core samples.

Then the designers modeled the properties of the materials and the behavior of the material contacts, and applied loading in accordance with the British standard. Next, they loaded the survey data into the program to generate a three-dimensional CAD model including the road and arch barrel surfaces, the position and length of the reinforcing rods, the angles of insertion, and utilities.

After establishing the optimum design, construction began in September 2004. Workers drilled holes 6.5 centimeters (2.56 inches) in diameter parallel to the roadway and at an angle along the arch. The holes were drilled to the precise angles specified in the design with a small core drill, which operated at a slow enough speed to preclude any potential damage to the structure due to vibration. The drill rig was bolted to the road through the paving surface to prevent movement during drilling. After a hole was drilled, the reinforcing rod and fabric sleeve were inserted into the hole, and the drilling rig was then moved to begin the next hole. In all, 26 reinforcing rods (13 on each side of the arch crown) were then inserted into the arch barrel. With two drilling rigs, workers were able to drill two holes a day.

"We had not seen the technology before," says Karyn LeBlanc, communications specialist with DDOT. "This was really an interesting engineering feat. We took other engineers out to view the process as it was going on because it was so innovative."

In the end, workers were able to strengthen the Wisconsin Avenue Bridge in less than 3 weeks—2 days ahead of schedule. The strengthening process cost about $350,000 (construction) plus design. Replacement, which was out of the question because of the historic value of the bridge, would have cost many times that, with greater disruption to the local community and traffic.

Additional improvements planned for 2005 include a new concrete slab over the arch to function as a riding surface, and the restoration of the iron railings, stone work, and sidewalks, further enhancing the safety and beauty of the bridge.
==A Smooth Operation==
The experiences on the Wisconsin Avenue Bridge project yielded several significant lessons for future projects. First, the innovative strengthening process could be a viable option for dealing with other historic structures and can be considered when addressing the requirements of historic preservation, while also satisfying modern engineering, safety, and environmental requirements. Before the strengthening project, the weight restriction on the bridge was posted at 22.7 metric tons (25 tons), according to an inspection report from February 1997. After the renovation, the rating is HS25, or 40.8 metric tons (45 tons) under AASHTO guidelines.

The project not only improved the safety of the 174-year-old structure but also extended its service life. Traffic continued to utilize the bridge throughout the duration of construction with minimal disruption. Northbound traffic continued to use one lane throughout the process, while southbound traffic was rerouted to a street one block away.
[[File:Workers bolt drilling rig.jpg|thumb|center|447px|'''Workers bolt the drilling rig to the pavement on the bridge in preparation for drilling the 26 holes needed for the strengthening project.''']]
[[File:Fabric sleeve and reinforcing rod.jpg|thumb|center|447px|'''Workers insert the fabric sleeve and stainless steel reinforcing rod into the drilling pipe, which is later removed. In the background, traffic continues to move across the bridge during the work.''']]
Cooperation and communication among multiple stakeholders during the planning and design stages through project completion helped resolve issues before they became problems. Meetings were the preferred method to identify and work through concerns, and FHWA coordinated the meetings to ensure that appropriate decisionmakers were present. Tony Fusco of KCI Technologies, design consultant on the project, describes the process: "We basically began by laying out the design criteria and the level to which we would strengthen the bridge, presenting the pros and cons of each alternative. This established the surface features of the bridge as an extremely important priority to the National Park Service and helped us identify acceptable rehabilitation treatments that would not compromise the structure's purpose or historic character but would minimize or eliminate the cause for the exhibited failure mode."

Once all the concerns were identified, rehabilitation designs could be developed to address each concern and element of the bridge. Each agency played a role in the review during the design phase to ensure that their concerns were being addressed adequately. "If additional concerns were identified during any phase of the design, we would address them and incorporate the solutions into the design for all to consider at the next review stage," Fusco says. "If there were critical elements of the design that could derail or delay the design process, we would make specific interim submissions addressing the concern to the respective agency to gain feedback and agreement before proceeding with the next project review submission. Conducting meetings face to face enabled us to present engineering construction documents and data to nonengineers reviewing the information and provided them the opportunity to question us, so they had a full understanding of the project, details, materials, and intended outcome."
[[File:Wisconsin Avenue Bridge - north.jpg|thumb|center|447px|'''Historic meets modern. Today, the old Wisconsin Avenue Bridge, shown here looking north up busy Wisconsin Avenue, continues to support a variety of traffic ranging from pedestrians and bicyclists to cars and heavy trucks.''']]
According to DDOT's LeBlanc, involving personnel from all relevant government agencies as well as citizen groups and businesses was key. "Communicate, communicate, communicate," she says. "We sought [community] input, and we worked to come up with a solution acceptable to all the parties involved—the businesses, the taxpayers, and the citizens."

The iterative meetings and frequent communication were well worth the lengthy upfront planning. "It made the actual construction go smoothly and quickly," Fusco adds. "We encountered no surprises, and all participants felt satisfied that their particular requirements were being met. The extensive planning prevented work interruption by clarifying concerns and negotiating concessions to achieve win-win solutions."

In the end, what began as a potentially contentious aspect of the project—addressing the diverse concerns of multiple stakeholders—turned into one of the most rewarding, according to Mike Seibert of NPS. "We came together skeptical of the other participants' intentions, but before the project concluded, we were working together as a team, with respect for each other's needs," he says. "Really, we will miss working together."
[[Category:Engineering]]
[[Category:Roads]]

International Scientific Committee for Documentation of Cultural Heritage

2012-04-10T23:30:40Z

Admin: /* External links */

[[Image:Cipa logo med.jpg|thumb|300px|]] The '''International Scientific Committee for Documentation of Cultural Heritage''', or '''CIPA''' as it is known, is one of the oldest International Scientific Committees of [[ICOMOS]] (the International Council on Monuments and Sites). CIPA was founded in 1968 jointly with [[ISPRS]] (International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing) to facilitate the transfer of technology from the measurement sciences into the heritage documentation and recording disciplines.

CIPA originally stood for the Comité International de Photogrammétrie Architecturale. However this old but well known name no longer describes the full scope of CIPA activities, so CIPA Heritage Documentation was established.

CIPA Heritage Documentation is now an organization that endeavors to transfer technology from the measurement and visualization sciences to the disciplines of cultural heritage recording, conservation and documentation. CIPA acts as a bridge between the producers of heritage documentation, and the users of this information.

CIPA’s mission is to encourage the development of principles and practices for the recording, documentation and information management for all aspects of cultural heritage; and to support and encourage the development of specialized tools and techniques in support of these activities.

== Specializations of CIPA ==

The activities of the Working Groups and Task Groups are only part of the CIPA contribution to [[ICOMOS]] and [[ISPRS]]. Many of the National Delegates are active researchers with specializations covering:

*[[field surveying]]
*[[laser scanning]]
*[[building surveying]]
*[[site documentation]]
*[[monument conservation]]
*[[landscape modelling]]
*[[archaeological exploration]]
*data base systems
*[[underwater recording]]
*information systems
*[[3D modelling]]
*close-range [[photogrammetry]]
*analysis of old photographs
*multimedia and [[virtual reality]] displays
*petroglyph and pictograph documentation

The expertise of CIPA members is ever expanding and is not limited to those mentioned here.

== Activities of CIPA ==
CIPA holds an International Symposium every 2 years, either in conjunction with a major conference of the two parent organisations or as a special CIPA event. Often, accompanying these Symposia are specialist workshops dealing with specific topics. The proceedings of the Symposia are also published, either as a journal or on CD-ROM, and some papers are available from the CIPA web site. CIPA also maintains a discussion list, where the experts associated with CIPA provide advice and information on problems and solutions.

== Membership and participation ==
Membership of CIPA is open to everybody who has an interest in the documentation and preservation of cultural heritage. CIPA also needs active participants who can contribute to the activities of the Working and Task Groups, or who can represent others in their countries as National Delegates. National Delegates need to be nominated by the local chapter of either [[ICOMOS]] or [[ISPRS]] and can attend special sessions at CIPA Symposia.

==External links==
[http://cipa.icomos.org CIPA's homepage]

[[Category:ICOMOS International Scientific Committees]]
[[Category:3D digital documentation]]

Terrestrial laser scanner

2012-04-10T23:08:54Z

Admin: Created page with "{{stub}} A '''terrestrial laser scanner''' is any ground-based laser device that collects 3D coordinates of a given region of a surface automatically and in a systematic patte..."

{{stub}}
A '''terrestrial laser scanner''' is any ground-based laser device that collects 3D coordinates of a given region of a surface automatically and in a systematic pattern at a high rate achieving the results in (near) real time.

[[Category:3D digital documentation]]

Digital terrain model

2012-04-10T23:05:52Z

Admin: Created page with "{{stub}} '''Digital terrain model''' or '''DTM''' (also know as '''digital ground model''' or '''DGM''') is a topographic model of the bare earth that can be manipulated by co..."

{{stub}}
'''Digital terrain model''' or '''DTM''' (also know as '''digital ground model''' or '''DGM''') is a topographic model of the bare earth that can be manipulated by computer programs. Also know as digital ground model (DGM).

==See also==
[[Digital elevation model]]

[[Category:3D digital documentation]]

Digital surface model

2012-04-10T22:54:12Z

Admin:

{{stub}}
'''Digital surface model''' or '''DSM''' is a topographic model of the earth’s surface (including terrain cover such as buildings and vegetation) that can be manipulated by computer programs.

==See also==
[[Digital elevation model]]

[[Category:3D digital documentation]]

Digital elevation model

2012-04-10T22:52:14Z

Admin:

{{stub}}
'''Digital elevation model''' or '''DEM''' is a digital model of a surface that can be manipulated by computer programs. This is the broad term that encompasses both [[digital surface model]]s (DSM) and [[digital terrain model]]s (DTM).

==External links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model DEM Wikipedia article]

[[Category:3D digital documentation]]

Test 123

2012-04-10T17:32:09Z

Admin: Created page with "{{Event |Title=This is a test title |Organization=Acme Co. |Start date=2012/04/29 00:00:00 |End date=2012/04/30 00:00:00 |Homepage=www.123.com |Homepage label=Acme Co. Webpa..."

{{Event
|Title=This is a test title
|Organization=Acme Co.
|Start date=2012/04/29 00:00:00
|End date=2012/04/30 00:00:00
|Homepage=www.123.com
|Homepage label=Acme Co. Webpage
|City=New Orleans
|State=Louisiana
|Country=USA
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This is the free text area where the user can write a brief description.

Interior Signage for Historic Buildings

2012-03-13T15:16:55Z

Intern1:

== Introduction ==
[[File:New Haven, CT Courthouse.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1: US Courthouse, New Haven, CT]]
Letting people know where they are and where to go will help make a successful first impression in any building. There are many types of signs: dkectionai, locational, regulatory, identifying, and greeting. In an historic building it is particularly important to carefully consider the location and design of signage so as not to interfere with the original aesthetic intent of an historic space.
In an historic building, materials, color and consistent graphics are of paramount importance. In addition, flexibility is often required when dealing with government buildings. Too often signage is added as an afterthought without regard to its environment.
In a cohesive signage package for an historic building, there should be an emphasis on consistent graphic design and a selection
of colors and materials that blend with the original historic fabric. If original signs exist, they should be retained and made
current. Original signs may be used as a design model and point of departure for new signs. In designing signage, sensitivity to the building details and the architect's intent for the building is required, as well as acknowledgment of changing needs. In addition, signs should be installed in a way so as not to harm historic materials. This brief will provide guidelines to encourage minimal disruption of historic fabric during sign installation. We have created this brief to provide guidance to GSA building managers, tenants, contractors and lessons, in partnership with your Regional Historic Preservation Officer (RHPO) to help you make good preservation choices regarding signage.
== Signage Guidelines ==
These guidelines apply primarily to Preservation, Restoration, and Rehabilitation Zones, as defined by GSA Historic Building Preservation Plans and Historic Strutture Reports. For other zones, consult the Regional Historic Preservation Officer.
# Sign placement, size and appearance (design) must be approved by GSA Regional Historic Preservation Officer (RHPO). All alteration projects in historic buildings need to be approved by the RHPO.
# Retain historic signs whenever possible. Where original signs no longer serve their intended purpose, consider reusing existing signs for new purposes. For example, an empty directory can be used for permanent interpretive exhibits.(Fig. 1)
# Attach signs so they cause no permanent damage to the building. Anchor into mortar joints if necessary, rather than drilling into stone or brick. Consult manufacturers on adhesive removal procedures and choose only removable adhesives for mounting.
# Use original signage as a model for color, finish and lettering style choices when designing new signs.(Fig. 2)
# Design new signage using one cohesive approach. Consult a design professional for a comprehensive signage package.(Fig. 3)
# Allow for various types of signage where it may be necessary. For example, room identifiers may be on doors, on stanchions, or on perpendicular "fin" type signs, often backlit, (Fig. 4) to provide visibility from a distance.
# Provide a location for temporary announcements and notices for building tenants which will have minimal impact on historic spaces.
# Discourage ad-hoc signage.(Fig. 5)
# Consolidate signs where possible.
# Use the mandatory sign list, below, researched and developed by the GSA Signage Task Force, to determine minimum lobby signage requirements.
<center><gallery>
File:Interior signs.jpg|Fig 2
File:New signs design.jpg|Fig. 3
File:Ariel Rios interior signage.jpg|Fig. 4: Ariel Rios Federal building, DC.
File:Elevator signage.jpg|Fig. 5: Ad-hoc signage at elevators.
</gallery></center>
==Mandatory Sign List ==

[[File:Mandatory signage table.jpg|center]]

{{Template:Source-GSA}}

[[ Category: GSA Technical Preservation Guidelines ]]

First Impressions at Historic Buildings

2012-03-13T15:05:06Z

Intern1:

These recommendations are intended to be consistent with the general objectives of the First Impressions Program which is a federal
initiative to improve the architectural integrity of visitor and tenant gateways into federal buildings. The purpose of this guide
is to provide specific design guidance to ensure that changes are consistent with the building's original design and materials.

== Design Principles ==
# '''Direct visitors' focus to the original space:''' Changes to an historic space should help visitors appreciate the original design including volume, spatial quality, and materials. Preserve original materials in place.
# '''Use original documentation:''' Where it exists, use historic documentation to draw design ideas. For example, new signage for Department of Justice is replicated from existing sign frames. (Fig. 1) New work may be a simplified version of more elaborate historic work.
# '''Design contextually:''' Design should respond to materials, colors, texture, and detailing of an historic space. Design using comparable quality materials and construction. (Fig. 2)
# '''Create opportunities to restore:''' Use First Impressions as an opportunity to restore historic features. For example, if a lighting upgrade is necessary in an historic space, use the opportunity to replicate historic fixtures, if possible. (Fig. 3)
<center><gallery>
File:Firstimpressions page 1 image 1 copy.jpg|Fig. 1: Dept. of Justice, DC. New Sign drawing adapted from original sign design.
File:Firstimpressions (1) Page 1 Image 0002.jpg|Fig. 2: National Archives, DC. Round security/information desk designed for round knobby space
File:Firstimpressions (1) Page 2 Image 0001.jpg|Fig. 3: Indianapolis, IN. Historic lighting in the main corridor.
</gallery></center>
These recommendations are intended to be consistent with the general objectives of the First Impressions Program which is a federal
initiative to improve the architectural integrity of visitor and tenant gateways into federal buildings. The purpose of this guide
is to provide specific design guidance to ensure that changes are consistent with the building's original design and materials.
[[File:Firstimpressions (1) Page 2 Image 0002.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4: Inappropriately placed vending machines in lobby obscure spatial configuration of space.]]
=== First Impressions Improvements ===
# '''Functions and furnishings in public space:''' Limit furnishings to support only functions necessary to welcoming, informing, and securing both visitors and tenants. For example, vendors and commercial activities should be located elsewhere (e.g. near cafeteria). Temporary furnishing for receptions and other events should be promptly removed and stored.(Fig. 4)
# '''Signage:''' Use original signage typeface. For pre-war buildings, signage almost always uses a serif typeface. ADA generally recommends sans serif typeface but serif is permitted as long as letter contrast and size is sufficient to ensure visibility. Attach signage systems in a manner that does not damage original finishes.(Fig. 5)[[File:Firstimpressions (1) Page 2 Image 0003.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 5: Example of serif font.]]
# '''Security:''' Design guard booth and guard desk architectonically (as built in architectural furniture), matching original detailing and materials in the space. Design desk to conceal computer monitors and equipment.(Fig. 6) [[File:GSA Central Office Security Desk Old and New.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 6: GSA Central Office, DC. Security Desk (Before and After comparison)]] [[File:Ariel Rios Federal Building door.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 9: These pictures shows the difference between a compatible door with the historic detail around it and an incompatible door.]]
# '''Temporary displays:''' Design displays to work with the materials and colors original to the space. Install in a manner that does not harm historic materials. (For example: never bolt banners into masonry units; instead, use spring loaded rods or mounting rings held by friction around columns.)
# '''Permanent and semi permanent displays:''' See #4, Temporary Displays. In addition, use historic features as showcases. For example, abandoned directories can be effectively converted to house exhibits or interpretive displays (describing nearby artwork).(Fig. 7) [[File:Firstimpressions (1) Page 3 Image 0003.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 7: Kinneary Courthouse, Cincinnati, OH. Original cases, salvaged from storage, display building historic exhibit.]]
# '''Utilitarian items and equipment:''' Locate utilitarian items and equipment such as ATMs and trash receptacles outside of lobby areas and primary spaces whenever possible. When not possible, use smallest apparatus in finishes sympathetic with space, consolidating the equipment to the greatest extent possible.(Fig. 8)[[File:Incorrect Phone position example.jpg|thumb|Fig. 8: Location of telephones obscures historic details.]]
# '''Lighting:''' Maintain original fixtures wherever possible. Where necessary, to meet required light levels, install lower energy, high output bulbs (where concealed by globes). Use torcheres, freestanding lights, task lighting and other discreet supplementary light rather than permanently mounting new contemporary lights on ornamental walls and ceilings.
# '''Doors and other original features:''' Retain original doors and trim. Where missing, replicate originals. Do not remove original doors.(Fig. 9)
==Note==
The Center for Historic Buildings is collecting examples of design solutions for historic buildings to include in future updates
a to this guide and for GSA's best preservation practices database. Please contact Caroline Alderson at (202) 501-91 56 or by e-mail at caroline.alderson@gsa.gov if you have images or documentation to share.
{{Template:Source-GSA}}
[[Category: GSA Technical Preservation Guidelines]]

Fire Safety Retrofitting

2012-03-12T15:49:07Z

Admin: moved Fire Safety Retrofitting to Fire safety retrofitting

== Introduction ==

Ceremonial lobbies, open stairways, and generous corridors are among the charming attributes that distinguish historic public buildings but often fly in the face of modern egress requirements. Few pre-World War II buildings provide direct, protected discharge to the exterior. Most stairs discharge into lobbies or corridors. Ornamental stairways are enclosed by glazed door systems or have no doors at all. Smoke detection and fire suppression is usually inadequate. Fire suppression systems, although commercially available since the early 20th century, are rarely present. Although fire safety improvements, particularly early warning detection and quick response suppression, help to reduce the risk of devastating historic building (and human)loss, their potential to compromise historic
fabric often leads to wholesale resistance against egress code compliance. Fortunately, two important trends are converging to support flexible approaches to egress code compliance:
# alternative codes for historic and non-historic existing buildings
# technological advances that compensate for fire safety deficiencies and offer less intrusive solutions for prescriptive code compliance.
This Guideline focuses on innovative design practices and recent advances in fire separation, detection and suppression tech-
nologies that are solving some of the greatest code compliance challenges affecting monumental buildings with ornamental interiors.
Most of these illustrations show prescriptive compliance solutions that succeeded architecturally because of good design, product selection and execution. A few examples describe equivalent solutions that did not meet the prescriptive code to the letter but were determined to provide a close or equal level of protection.

== Codes and Standards ==
The general intent of life safety codes is to ensure prompt escape of building occupants, in the event of a fire, to a safe area. The
code addresses construction features such as the width, length, and fire resistance of exit paths; ability of construction materials
to contain fire and prevent its spread; fire protection features such as smoke detection devices, alarms, and fire suppression
systems; occupancy and operational features such as emergency evacuation planning; and fire precautions during construction.
Increasing recognition that compliance with prescriptive codes written principally to guide new construction can be onerous
enough to discourage investment in older urban areas has lead states such as New Jersey and Maryland to adopt Smart Codes,
or Rehabilitation codes that provide flexibility to achieve life safety goals without wholesale building reconfiguration.
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development recently released an updated and expanded edition of it's invaluable
Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Assemblies with the expressed goal of promoting the preservation and reuse of
America's older housing and building stock. This guide provides fire ratings for a wide variety of materials and assemblies found
in buildings from the 19Ih to the mid-20th centuries, as well as methods for calculating the fire resistance of general classes of
archaic materials and assemblies for which no documentation is available. It includes an array of details developed by English
Heritage for upgrading the fire resistance of wood panel doors. The document has found widespread acceptance among code officials and has been incorporated into numerous state and local building codes, model code publications, and (U.S.) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards. In addition, ''NFPA 914: Code for Fire Protection in Historic Structures 2001'' edition will provide jurisdictions a range of alternatives, including performance-based approaches and operational solutions, for meeting the intent of the ''NFPA Life Safety Code '' within the framework of the Secretary of Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. The intent of ''NFPA 914'' is to ensure prompt escape of building occupants while minimizing the impact of fire and fire protection on the structures, contents and architectural features that give a building its historic character. Early and frequent coordination between preservationists, the design team and GSA fire safety engineers ensures the best possible chance for productive collaboration to develop creative solutions and achieve consensus.

== Fire Alarms System ==
One rehabilitation design strategy is to minimize new penetrations in stone, unpainted wood paneling, architectural concrete and
other hard-to-patch materials. The aim is to minimize the need to repair these surfaces when the system is replaced. Codes require that alarms remain in continuous operation while a building is occupied Installing new systems side by side with existing ones can result in conspicuous left behind when the obsolete devices are removed. By carefully sequencing installation, existing mounting
holes in stone and other decorative walls can be reused with minimal risk. This is done by isolating the zone where devices
are mounted in an ornamental surface such as stone, so that a small area can be taken down without affecting the rest of the system.
Work in these areas is done at night, when buildings are unoccupied, and under constant supervision to minimize safety risk.
Alarm bell locations can usually be reused for mounting audio-visual systems. Recessed bell pockets can be reused by surface
mounting strobes on alarm bell grilles (Figs. 1 & 2).
Exposed hardware (excluding lamps) should be finished to blend with the wall or grille. Mounting a strobe on an ornamental grille requires adapting or custom fabricating the lamp device to appear integral with the grille. Reusing existing manual station mounting boxes to avoid cutting new holes in decorative wall surfaces may require a waiver or modification of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) height requirements. Existing manual stations are usually mounted
lower than the 42 inches required under ADA. However, in historic buildings having sufficient floor clearance to allow wheel-
chairs to turn around, the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) will often accept compliance with the ADA's side reach height limit
of 54 inches. Another fire alarm retrofitting design strategy is to avoid ornamental surfaces altogether by installing alarm bells in nearby flat plaster walls only (within audible range acceptable to the AHJ) and mounting alarm pulls on freestanding bollards (Fig. 3 & 4). This solution is especially useful where reusing holes is not possible and where routing the electrical supply will be difficult or destructive.
<center><gallery>
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 2 Image 0001.jpg|Fig. 1: Original fire alarm box reused for new alarm and strobe.
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 2 Image 0002.jpg|Fig. 2: Section detail; Audio-visual alarm reusing original alarm and box and grille (Design: Summer Consultants/Edward Sonnenschein, Architect)
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 3 Image 0001.jpg|Fig. 3: Alarm pull mounted on bollard fabricated to blend marble and chrome of the State Dept. building's lobby eliminated need to penetrate marble walls.
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 3 Image 0002.jpg|Fig. 4: Alarm pull bollard. (Section drawing: Summer Consultants/Edward Sonnenschein, Architecture)
</gallery></center>

== Smoked Detection ==
Conventional photoelectric and ionization smoke detectors can be made less conspicuous by custom painting housings (the detector head must be disassembled to avoid damaging the intricate electronics) to match surrounding surfaces or by recessing housings so that only the detector head is exposed (Fig. 5). Housings must be removed for coating. It is advisable to have the manufacturer paint the housing, but at the very least the manufacturer's guidance should be sought to ensure the detector is not affected. Projected (light) beam detectors are useful where a surface mounted or partially recessed installation is undesirable and a ledge or cavity is available to conceal the beam projector and receiver. The increased cost of the projected beam detector may be offset by avoiding the need to restore disturbed decorative surfaces. Air sampling detection enables the use of smaller components within historic spaces.
The system's tiny PVC sampling tubes can be concealed in light fixtures, ledges and ornamental ceilings, allowing wider dispersal of the detection system with reduced architectural impact (Fig. 6 & 7). Detection devices may be installed remotely. The system's early warning capacity makes it a particularly attractive option for large open areas such as atriums, open stairs, two-story spaces and spaces containing irreplaceable artwork, furnishings or other high-value contents.
<center><gallery>
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 3 Image 0003.jpg|Fig. 5: Recessed smoke detector in ornamental plaster ceiling at the Commerce Dept., Washington, DC. All surfaces but the detector were painted to match the ceiling.
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 4 Image 0002.jpg|Fig. 6: Air sampling tubes concealed in chandelier.
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 4 Image 0001.jpg|Fig. 7: Air sampling tubes concealed in cornice.
</gallery></center>

== Suppression ==
=== Sprinkler Systems ===
A basic rule of thumb for retrofitting sprinkler systems into historic buildings is to run piping in spaces of secondary importance,
such as offices, to feed sprinkler heads in spaces of primary importance, such as public corridors. In buildings with double-loaded corridors, this requires routing piping along both sides of the corridor-an approach more costly than running pipes for office coverage through the corridor, but usually the only alternative for preserving original corridor ceilings. In contiguous significant spaces, leaving piping exposed in spaces of lesser significance can be more discrete than constructing bulk heads to conceal piping where no chases exist. For best results with exposed piping in sensitive locations, specify copper to minimize pipe diameter (1 inch, as opposed to 1 1/4 inches for 4 steel pipe); and recess piping on ledges and other projections. Piping should be aligned with other horizontal elements such as cornices and painted to match adjoining walls. Require installers to have successful experience installing piping in similar configurations (e.g., pipes conform to curved surfaces).
Specifying the right sprinkler head is also important in minimizing the visibility and physical intrusiveness of the system. Recessed heads offer discrete installation in very plain ceilings, but authorities responsible for building upkeep must take care to avoid allowing covers to be painted shut. Semi-recessed heads project less into the space, but the enlarged holes needed to accommodate semi-recessed heads give ceilings a pockmarked appearance. Sidewall heads tend to be least visible and least destructive alternative in significant spaces with plaster walls and ornamental ceilings. Sidewall sprinkler heads fed from piping in adjoining offices are very inconspicuous if placed in flat wall surfaces (avoiding cornices and other ornament). Specify the smallest head that meets necessary performance requirements (e.g., extended throw) and color match heads to the wall or dominant original hardware material (Fig. 8 & 9). Pendant heads are usually the best choice for spaces having ornamental wall finishes(such as stained wood paneling, stone, or metal) and flat plaster ceilings. When ornamental ceilings must be penetrated, heads can be effectively camouflaged in rosettes and other repeating decorative motifs (Fig. 10). Heads such as Reliable FlFR are ideal for installation in decorative ceilings because they are very small, escutcheon plates can be omitted without violating their UL listing, and the entire head, excluding the activator, can be custom coated (under manufacturer's guidance) to match any finish.
<center><gallery>
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 4 Image 0003.jpg|Fig. 8: Detail showing exposed pipe tucked behind beam. Old Post Office, Washington, DC.
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 4 Image 0004.jpg|Fig. 9: Only the sprinkler heads are visible from principle vantage points within the corridor.
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 5 Image 0001.jpg|Fig. 10: Glass bulb sprinkler head mimics ceiling rosettes in the GSA Central Office building Administrator's Suite. Washington, DC.
</gallery></center>

===Water Mist===
Originally developed for maritime use, water mist technology is now emerging commercially for fire suppression in buildings where high-value contents or limited water supply are a concern. Mist suppression works by creating a fog of very fine water droplets that extinguish fire without deluge, greatly reducing the risk of damage to artwork, decorative finishes, rare books or valuable furnishes. Since mist requires little water volume, systems can be installed using a stand alone water supply, reducing installation costs where water supplies are limited. Two types of water mist systems have emerged:
# Very lowflowlhigh pressure system using high efficiency nozzles, 12-18 mm tubing, and a stand alone, dedicated water supply;
# Low to intermediate pressure system which delivers higher quantities of water through slightly larger tubing sizes, using standard water supplies.
Both result in lower levels of water saturation when compared to standard sprinklers. Some components await UL testing. Testing
by other laboratories is also underway. The water mist system generally costs more than twice as much as sprinklers to install
and requires more nozzles to ensure adequate coverage, but savings may result where water supplies for conventional sprinklers
are inadequate. Design requires highly specialized expertise in the system. U.S. approvals for building installations so
far have been limited to libraries and remote sites lacking adequate water for a sprinkler system. At this stage in the
product's development, early and ongoing consultation between fire safety authorities, preservation review groups and the project
design team is critical to consideration of mist as a suppression option. As demand increases and costs drop, the range of mist
applications can be expected to broaden. The water mist system's small components and flexibility will make it an increasingly attractive option where architectural constraints make concealed installation difficult or undesirable. The mist system's 1/4 inch steel tubes, optional flexible hoses, and tiny nodes conform to curves much more easily than standard %copper or 1 1/4 inch steel sprinkler piping. A detailed profile of water mist technology is available in APT Bulletin 27:4, 1996.

==Fire Separation ==
In older buildings lacking direct discharge, two-hour fire-rated egress paths to the outdoors are typically created by installing fire separations across the corridor (to isolate the egress path from the rest of the building) and replacing unrated materials, such
as glazed doors, within the egress path.

=== Cross-Corridor Fire Separation ===
Careful placement and selection of cross-corridor separations can minimize the amount of historic material requiring replacement (Fig. 11).
<center><gallery>
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 6 Image 0001.jpg|Fig. 11: Standard drywall partition with 90 minute rated doors for cross corridor fire separation reduces height and width clearance. New products offer alternatives that maintain corridor clearance.
</gallery></center>
=== Hold Open Doors ===
Oversized hold open doors are the most economical alternative to cross-corridor fire separation. Custom fabricated doors detailed to match original paneled corridor doors can now be fabricated in sizes large enough that truncating the corridor is not
necessary. Cross-corridor doors at the Federal Trade Commission building in Washington, DC, measure 10 feet high and
45% inches wide, spanning all but 28 inches of the 10 foot wide corridor and 1 foot of the floor to ceiling height. A 12 inch high bulkhead and 14 inch wide jambs fill the gap and support the doors (Fig. 12).
<center><gallery>
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 6 Image 0002.jpg|Fig. 12: Cross corridor doors at the Federal Trade Commission building in Washington, DC, span all but 28 inches of the 10 foot wide corridor and 1 foot of the floor to ceiling height. (National Capital Region)
</gallery></center>
===Gel Glass Partition ===
Gel glass, available in several varieties rated up to 90 minutes, provides complete transparency but is costly and requires thick
dividing members to hold the heavy laminated glass (typically I'/B inch thick for a 90 minute rated glass). Mullions can be
customized by applying moldings to match original trim (Fig. 13).
<center><gallery>
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 6 Image 0003.jpg|Fig. 13: Superlite II 90 minute laminated gel glasses in steel door. (Section detail: O'Keefe)
</gallery></center>
=== Accordion Cross-Corridor Doors ===
Accordion fire doors are the only solution that offers complete transparency with no visible physical barrier. Because they are retractable, they require enough space alongside the corridor to create pockets (18 inches wide by 4 feet deep). Where walls and ceilings are flat plaster, they are fully reversible and nearly invisible because doors are completely retracted except during
a fire. Only the ceiling track, receiving slot and door covering the pocket are visible (Fig. 14). WON Door is the only product currently available. Even vaulted ceilings can be kept open if the space above the ceiling will accommodate a retracted door head. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case so a bulkhead must usually be constructed to square off the ceiling (Fig. 15). Installing accordion fire separation doors at the Department of Commerce building in Washington, DC, required cutting into original stone walls and coffered ceiling but enabled the preservation of dozens of bronze and glass corridor doors that would otherwise have been absorbed into a larger egress path. Accordion door tracks, pocket and cover were painted to match the surrounding veined marble and elaborate ceiling (Fig. 16 & 17). Smaller-than-standard hinges were also installed to minimize the visibility of the pocket cover door within the
stone wall.

<center><gallery>
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 7 Image 0002.jpg|Fig. 14: WON door accordion fire partition (partially retracted) allows ceiling and wall clearance to be maintained. Ariel Rios building, Washington, DC.
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 7 Image 0001.jpg|Fig. 15: Bulkhead installed below vaulted ceiling to accommodate track for WON door. If space above ceiling allows, entire door can be retracted to maintain vaulted ceiling clearance. Ariel Rios building, Washington, DC.
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 7 Image 0004.jpg|Fig. 16: Accordion door tracts, receiving slot and cover painted to match marble walls and coffered ceiling. Commerce Dept, Washington, DC.
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 7 Image 0003.jpg|Fig. 17: Detail of fauxmarble painted door cover and ceiling tracks painted to match glazed bronze finish of coffers.
</gallery></center>

=== Air Curtain ===
High pressure air curtain technology has been used in Hollywood to contain fire in staged disasters for the film industry. European
APT contacts advise us that similar technology is being used in the French Metro to provide fire separation in locations where
a physical barrier is not practical. Such applications could hold promise in the future for creating unobtrusive enclosures in open
areas and challenging ceremonial spaces.

== Protected Passageways ==

===Creating A Rated Path ===
Original stair and corridor doors(especially doors containing glass) are generally considered the weakest link in an egress enclosure
and are the most common historic materials requiring replacement. However, in some cases, documentation of the fire resistance of archaic materials will support retaining historic doors.

===Reusing Historic Doors ===
''HUD Guideline: Fire Safety Ratings of Archaic Materials''provides rating equivalencies developed from tests conducted on a
variety of older door, wall and ceiling materials. The publication (currently pending revision which will increase the range of alternative solutions) also provides details showing how to upgrade the fire resistance of historic doors by applying intumescent coatings, adding backing materials behind glass and panels, and reinforcing connections between materials. An economical solution for preserving historic glazed doors, where fire safety authorities will accept 60-80 minutes of fire resistance,
is to retrofit historic doors with nonconductive rated glass such as Superlite XL by O'Keefe. Superlite XL is only 1/4 inch
thick and can be retrofitted into most historic doors. It is UL listed for 60 minutes but has resisted fire for 80 minutes in tests
omitting the hose stream requirement (i.e., applicable to sprinklered buildings only). GSA fire safety officials approved retrofit-
ting original steel and wireglass stair doors, in combination with water curtains, at the Department of Justice building in Washington,
DC, with Superlite XL. Warnock-Hersey tested a fully glazed assembly matching the building's historic doors, sidelights, and transoms which withstood a 66 minutes fire test. Bronze and glass stair doors at the Department of Interior building will also be retrofitted with Superlite XL. Superlite provides low conductivity compared to other rated glass products and some shatter resistance. In replacement doors using rated glass, vision panels matching the width of the door's solid panels can now be used instead of standard oblong or 10 inch by 10 inch wireglass vision panels.
<center><gallery>
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 8 Image 0001.jpg| Fig. 18: Detail drawing showing upgrade of historic doors by applying backing materials and reinforcing connections. (HUD - "Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Assemblies")
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 8 Image 0002.jpg|Fig. 19: Detail drawing showing upgrade of historic doors by applying back materials and reinforcing connections. (English Heritage - "Timber Panelled Doors and Fire")
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 9 Image 0001.jpg|Fig. 20: Bronze and glass stair doors at the Dept. of the Interior building will be retrofitted with Superlite XL rated glass
</gallery></center>

=== Replacement Doors ===
Where retrofitting existing doors with rated glass isn't an option, 90 minute custom paneled doors (solid or glazed) detailed
to match original paneled doors are now commercially available. Maiman glazed doors, available in many wood varieties and virtually any panel configuration, use Superlite II laminated gel glass (formerly Contraflem) to provide transparency with a 90 minute rating. Thick (1 1/4 inches), expensive, and beautiful, these doors offer an excellent rated alternative for highly significant buildings or projects
limited in scale. True paneled solid wood, hollow metal, and kalamein (steel clad) are also available from Metalline, All Type and
other fabricators. Metalline's kalamein door, produced since the early 1950s, has crisp moldings and well-concealed fasteners, mimicking original paneled doors well. A primary limitation with all manufacturers is a small selection of moldings - stock moldings tend to be smaller than originals. For the best possible match to original doors, moldings may need to be purchased from another
source and supplied to the door manufacturer.
<center><gallery>
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 9 Image 0002.jpg|Fig. 21: Ariel Rios Building, Washington, DC. 90 minute true paneled wood door matching original corridor doors
File:Firesafetyretrofit Page 9 Image 0003.jpg|Fig. 22: 90 minute kalamein door closely matches original paneled stair doors at the Federal Trade Commission building, Washington, DC.
</gallery></center>

== Conclusion ==
As the proportion of construction projects involving historic building rehabilitation continues to increase, so does the market for
specialized fire safety compliance products designed to look good in older buildings or to blend with high quality finishes in contemporary buildings. You may be surprised at the willingness of manufacturers to adapt their systems. Maintain high expectations
and don't hesitate to ask. Most importantly, make sure that you select a contractor with a proven track-record of successful fire protection projects in sensitive historic buildings.

{{Template:Source-GSA}}

[[Category: GSA Technical Preservation Guidelines]]

ShannahBurris611

2012-03-01T19:15:51Z

ShannahBurris611: Created page with "Hi.... hello this is coool"

Hi.... hello this is coool

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2012-03-01T15:03:24Z

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Hi.... hello this is coool

EssyMullenax549

2012-02-20T18:53:19Z

EssyMullenax549: Created page with "Hey everyone, this is just a welcome post. -James"

Hey everyone, this is just a welcome post.

-James

EleneBriggs487

2012-02-14T20:25:53Z

EleneBriggs487: Created page with "Thanks for the support - I have also dealt with other INdian vendors who were EXcellent and I constantly refer them to others...I believe when he failed to execute the project..."

Thanks for the support - I have also dealt with other INdian vendors who were EXcellent and I constantly refer them to others...I believe when he failed to execute the project and was called out on it he decided to go on the offensive instead...

Perimeter Security for Historic Buildings

2012-02-14T16:06:53Z

Admin: moved Perimeter Security for Historic Buildings to Perimeter security for historic buildings

== Project Overview ==
Historically, the intended image of Federal public buildings was to be inviting and accessible to visitors while portraying the aura of importance of the Government in the everyday lives of its citizens. These government buildings sometimes continue to serve the public in their original capacity and sometimes get adapted for a more current function, while maintaining their design integrity. The General Services Administration is committed to upholding the architectural excellence of these important structures while keeping them accessible, functional and safe. Concerns for security at monumental Federal buildings have increased in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the events of September 11, 2001. In many cases, grand historic government buildings, located in densely built urban districts, do not include setbacks from the streetline that would afford them adequate protection from blast damage. Where setbacks do exist, such as public plazas in front of monumental buildings, vehicles can easily approach without the presence of physical barriers. This report focuses primarily on perimeter vehicular barriers for Federal historic buildings. The
goal of this pilot study is to meet the needs of perimeter security criteria in a sensitive manner such that the architectural integrity of the historic building and its urban context are maintained and the pedestrian experience be enhanced rather than diminished. In December 2000, KressCox Associates created a report entitled Culture and Commerce: Bridging the Federal Triangle for the U.S. General Services Administration. This report was to serve as the conceptual basis for the technical pilot study. In particular, the U.S. General Services Administration desired to test the “garden wall concept” presented in the KressCox report as a prototype through the development of construction document drawings, speciﬁcations and an estimate of associated construction costs. In addition, the U.S. General Services Administration sought concepts for alternate versions of the prototype elements for use at two other public buildings chosen to represent diverse historical styles and periods. The Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse in Cleveland, Ohio was chosen by the U.S. General Services Administration as the prototype project for the technical pilot. Built in 1903 to 1910, the Metzenbaum Courthouse, adjacent to Cleveland’s Public Square, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The special challenges of this particular facility include the proximity to the street, the vaults under the sidewalks, its prominence on Public Square, and the various amenities on the existing site. The proposed resolution of these issues is illustrated later in this report. Two other buildings chosen for alternate versions of the principal perimeter security elements are the Auditor’s Building and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Headquarters. Both are located in Washington DC, but vary greatly in materials and historical styles. The design process that evolved from the technical pilot study and the alternate versions has national application for providing perimeter vehicular barriers in a sensitive manner to historic Federal buildings, achieving GSA’s goals of preservation, performance, cost containment, public accessibility and design excellence.
==Design Parameters==
Design objectives and parameters developed by GSA and the design team include the following:

# Disguise the protection.
# Maintain accessibility to the public, i.e. permeability.
# Security design is part of urban design.
# Trees are not considered anti-ram.
# Light standards and other typical streetscape elements are not considered anti-ram unless engineered to do so.
# Elements can be combined.
Types of passive perimeter security elements include the following:
# Bollards with foundations. Foundations to be tied together. Spacing allows 4 feet clear maximum.
# Anti-Ram kneewalls with foundations. Three foot height minimum recommended. Can have openings, not greater than 4 feet clear.
# Planters with foundations. Twelve inches below grade required for security protection. Deeper required to be below frostline. Planters 3 foot height above grade.
# Surface-mounted planters. One-inch indent in slab minimum. Can be any shape or design.
# Bodies of water.
# Seating with foundations. Seat needs to be higher than axle of wheel.
The Metzenbaum Courthouse prototype incorporates specially designed and structured planters as part of the anti-ram perimeter security. The landscaping at buildings should respond to the conditions of the site including location (urban, suburban, rural), climate, site conditions (drainage, hardscape areas, wetlands, forested areas, etc.), and maintenance operations. Selected plant materials should be suitable for the particular site including hardiness, sun exposure, habit and disease resistance. As many federal
buildings are located on urban sites, chosen plant materials should be hardy enough to thrive even in the harsh conditions of urban areas which include salt, soil compaction and pollution. Site design conditions including project limit lines, how the site circulates, drainage and utility locations must be understood and coordinated, especially on renovation projects such as the Metzenbaum Courthouse. On large sites where the landscape is composed of extensive areas of lawn with trees, mowing may be a primary maintenance effort. In urban areas, typically the landscaping areas are smaller and more intensely planted. On a downtown urban block, such as the Metzenbaum Courthouse site, landscaping may be restricted to only planters and pots. Plantings may be rotated throughout the year for seasonal interest. Plant heights and shapes should be considered to ensure safety by maintaining views through the site. The level of maintenance that will be provided should be considered when choosing which plant material to use and how to install it. Young plants will require more maintenance to ensure survival that established plants. Irrigation, if budget allows, should be approached like other utilities and coordinated with building systems and access through the site. Irrigation is an initial capital cost for a project, but may pay for itself over a couple years in savings for maintenance. For urban locations with small areas of planting, hand watering is an option. Pruning, weeding and fertilizing are other areas that will require ongoing maintenance. Design cues for landscape design can be taken from the existing site. In addition to light conditions and orientation, existing plant materials may dictate a direction for the landscape design. At the Metzenbaum Courthouse, existing trees have shown a history of durability on this very exposed urban site. The landscape design solution for this application incorporates matching these existing trees. Another design parameter for the aesthetic aspects of the perimeter security elements relates to the historical context of the existing building. Taking cues, but not necessarily replicating, historical features, details and materials for perimeter security elements is part of the balance that occurs with any historic preservation project.
==General==
The design of the technical pilot for perimeter security of historic buildings, using the Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse as the prototype, was a collaborative effort. The project was already in the working drawing phase for renovations to the Courthouse, so a design team familiar with the project and its site conditions was already in place. The technical pilot for perimeter security became
an extension of that project. The U.S. General Services Administration, including the Ofﬁce of the Chief Architect and the regional ofﬁce, has been involved with decision-making, design issues and discussions with local authorities throughout the design process. Along with van Dijk Westlake Reed Leskosky, providing project management and architectural design, the design team consists of Sasaki Associates for landscapedesign, Hinman Consulting Engineers for blast engineering, Barber & Hoffman for structural engineer
ing and Project and Construction Services for cost estimating. The team also closely collaborated with the United States Bacruptcy Court, Northern District of Ohio, the City of Cleveland City Planning Commission, Division of Engineering and Construction, Trafﬁc Engineering and the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority.
==Historical Context==
The ﬁrst step in the design process was acquainting the perimeter security team with the historical and physical context of the Metzenbaum Courthouse. In 1901, architect Arnold W. Brunner of New York City won the competition to design the Cleveland Federal Building, once called the Old Federal Building and now known as the Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse and Federal Building. The structure is located in the heart of Cleveland’s central business district at the northeast corner of Public Square. Brunner’s commission places the project in the context of the emerging City Beautiful Movement and Cleveland’s Group Plan at the turn of the century. Brunner’s Federal Building was the ﬁ rst building of the Cleveland Group Plan to be built, and established the scale and style for the city’s subsequent important landmarks. Its site and approach were signiﬁcant to the city. The Public Library of 1925
directly across Third Street was intentionally patterned after the Federal Building and together the two form the inland terminus of the Group Plan Mall. Its prime site on the newly envisioned mall solidiﬁed the prominence and presence of the federal government, integrating public realm, urban design and architectural façade in one. Today, the Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse remains one of the most signiﬁcant landmarks within the downtown cityscape of Cleveland. The building is adjacent to Public Square and is a key element in anchoring the economic revival of the central core of Cleveland. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The incorporation of perimeter security elements require design sensitivity to this important structure in its key urban setting.
== Perimeter Security Zone ==
The Metzenbaum Courthouse site was analyzed for the application of anti-ram elements. Zones were created which dictated a variety of perimeter security elements. Clearly, a variety of types of elements is a more interesting design solution than using a single type of element, such as a bollard, around the entire site perimeter. All elements are designed to meet the anti-ram requirements previously established. The form and material of each element is designed to aesthetically compliment the style of the existing building and site conditions. The zones outlined below can and should be combined on various streetscapes.

''Zone 1: Permeable.'' It allows physical pedestrian access to the site and is visually “lighter”. Bollards usually meet Zone 1 requirements. Several bollard styles were incorporated into the Metzenbaum project in a variety of locations where a more open feel was desired. Retractable bollards are also an option where vehicular access is required on a limited basis. Retractable bollards are incorporated into the Metzenbaum Courthouse on the north side at an access drive.

''Zone 2: Partially Enclosed.'' This is a zone where site conditions allow planters or seating. These are more solid elements and they also add visual interest and public amenity to the site. These appear on the south and west sides of the Metzenbaum Courthouse.

''Zone 3: Planting.'' This zone is located where there is a generous distance from the curb to the building. In the case of the Metzenbaum Courthouse, this occurs on the west side where there is already a deep zone accommodating existing locust trees.

''Zone 4: Screen.'' This zone incorporates site amenities such as bus shelters, newspaper vending machines, post ofﬁce boxes, and trash receptacles. All sites, especially urban ones, have site amenities that need to be addressed and coordinated with perimeter security elements. It is advisable to discuss the requirement of the site amenities at a particular site with the local authorities. Sometimes they can be relocated to a different location. At the Metzenbaum Courthouse, the majority of these site amenity elements were grouped on the west side.

''Zone 5: Enclosed.'' This is an articulated wall. It can be a combination of bollards and rails, or a more solid wall treatment. This is used to add variety to the perimeter in locations where pedestrian access is not required or desired.

The shape, detail and materials used for the Metzenbaum Courthouse perimeter security elements
are addressed in the next section of this report. Copies of the construction documents are also included
in the Appendix.
==City Review Process==
As most historic Federal buildings are located in urban environments, local authorities are key team members to the design process. For this technical pilot, the design team and representatives from the General Services Administration met with various individuals and commissions that would be involved with the review of the installation. In the City of Cleveland, this meant meeting with the
members of the Planning Commission, Division of Engineering and Construction, Trafﬁ c Engineering and the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. Some site-speciﬁc conditions required close collaboration with City of Cleveland agencies. For example, two of the four streets require narrowing to meet the 20-foot standoff distance. At the Metzenbaum Courthouse, which has vaults under sidewalks on three sides, getting the foundations of the security elements into soil was a challenge. After extensive discussion, the City ofﬁcials agreed to this approach for the design of the technical pilot. The design team had discussions with the Regional Transit Authority about the location of the bus shelters on the site and the possibilities for relocating them. In addition, the City of Cleveland has utility duct banks that were either worked around or created in the areas that were affected. 
'''The Tao of Blast Design''' 
''Lorraine Lin, Ph.D., P.E'' 
====Taoism====
* Taoism seeks to create harmony and balance with one’s environment. It is a metaphor for understanding blast design.
====Blast versus Seismic Design====
* Blast engineering is a specialized field of structural engineering. Blast engineers deal with enormous pressures applied for fractions of a second typically to the outer bays of a building. Seismic engineers deal with cyclical loads applied through the base of structure as shear forces.
* The small amount of overlap between blast and seismic engineering is in dealing with progressive collapse.
====Rules of Thumb for Blast Design ====
DO maximize the standoff distance between vehicles and your building.
* DON’T site your building so that there is a direct approach for fast-moving traffic.
* DO use passive perimeter barriers to increase the standoff distance.
** Bollards
** Anti-ram kneewalls
** Concrete planters
** Benches
** Moats
* DO integrate perimeter security with the landscape architecture.
* DO use active perimeter barriers for vehicle access points.
** Rotating wedge system
** Surface-mounted plate system
** Retractable bollards
** Crash gate
** Crash beam
* DO choose simple and convex building shapes.
* DO set back the upper floors.
* DO minimize the number of insets in the building façade.
* DON’T design overhangs with vehicular traffic below.
* DON’T use large transfer girders.
* DO design your floor slabs for upward, as well as downward forces.
* DO design your building with sufficient structural redundancy for progressive collapse.
* DON’T locate loading docks and mail delivery areas within 50 feet of critical areas, such as occupied spaces.
* DO locate high-density areas and essential personnel away from the perimeter of a building and above the ground floor.
* DON’T allow unsecured parking in the basement or on the roof of your building.
* DO place stairways for emergency egress as far away from vulnerable locations as possible.
* DO allow these stairways to discharge away from lobbies, parking areas, or loading areas.
* DON’T cluster your emergency egress routes.
* DO provide areas of refuge in high-rise buildings.
* DO located refuge areas in the inner bays of a building.
* The best way to approach blast mitigation for new construction is early and with a multidisciplinary blast mitigation team which includes the architect, structural engineer, blast engineer and landscape architect.
* Retrofits are more expensive, more complicated, less effective and have greater uncertainty DO use ductile materials for your structure, such as steel or reinforced concrete.
* DO design your floor slabs for upward, as well as downward forces.
* DO design your building with sufficient structural redundancy for progressive collapse.
* DON’T locate loading docks and mail delivery areas within 50 feet of critical areas, such as occupied spaces.
* DO locate high-density areas and essential personnel away from the perimeter of a building and above the ground floor.
* DON’T allow unsecured parking in the basement or on the roof of your building.
* DO place stairways for emergency egress as far away from vulnerable locations as possible.
* DO allow these stairways to discharge away from lobbies, parking areas, or loading areas.
* DON’T cluster your emergency egress routes.
* DO provide areas of refuge in high-rise buildings.
* DO located refuge areas in the inner bays of a building.
* The best way to approach blast mitigation for new construction is early and with a multidisciplinary blast mitigation team which includes the architect, structural engineer, blast engineer and landscape architect.
* Retrofits are more expensive, more complicated, less effective and have greater uncertainty
====Windows====
* DO minimize the size of your windows.
* DO use strip windows.
* DO design hazard mitigating window systems.
* DO design cladding that is securely fixed to your structure.
====Conclusions====
* Architectural measures can be as, if not more, effective than structural measures at mitigating blasts. They allow the possibility of aiming for invisible protection.
* This requires that informed blast design decisions are made early in the design process.
{{Template:Source-GSA}}
[[Category: GSA Technical Preservation Guidelines]]